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2nd
Crime
Victim: | Napoleon Bonaparte |
Time of Death: | circa May 5th 1821 |
Cause of Death: | ???-Help find out ! |
Victim's desciption | Backhistory |
We are not dealing with a trivial figure of history. Napoleon is a man who continues to fascinate us. Military genius, dictator (benevolent or otherwise), administrator, law-giver -- he was all of these. He was believed to be short in stature -- The Little Corporal -- but seemed to be one of those rare individuals who could fill a room with his presence. (He has been reported in various works as being 5 feet 5 inches tall, and 5 feet 7 inches tall -- not significantly different from the average height of men in his time.) He could be charming, cruel, unreasonable, generous, insightful and periodically incompetent. He solidified the aspirations of the French Revolution and then retracted some of the freedoms that had been gained from it. He fought the English but admired them. He sought to create an empire in Europe and North America, and then gave away 800,000 square miles of it for four cents an acre to Thomas Jefferson. Paintings and statues of him abound. Such men do not simply die. (trutv.com) | After his loss in the battle of Waterloo Napoleon Bonaparte was arrested by his allied enemies and has sentenced to life with exile in the isolated little island of Saint Helena. It is clear that Napoleon died either from natural causes or was murdered |
Events leading to death (trutv.com) | From the Fall of 1820, Napoleons health had not been good. He complained of severe abdominal pains, experienced weakness and vomiting, and seemed like a man slowly proceeding to death. Hudson Lowe rejected these complaints, when they were reported to him by Napoleons physicians, accusing Napoleon of continuing to promote his propaganda of mistreatment at the hands of the English. Indeed, Lowe had dismissed two physicians for suggesting that Napoleon suffered from hepatitis, associated with the dysentery rife on St. Helena, and, according to some, symbolic of the unhealthy conditions existing on the island of Napoleons exile. |
CAUSES OF DEATH (Choose 1)
ARSENIC POISONING-Marchands memoir was not published until 1955.In that year, a dentist and amateur toxicologist, and, most importantly, a dedicated collector of Napoleana,Sten Forshufvud happened upon Marchants recently published work.In his study in his home in Goteborg, Sweden, with portraits and busts of his hero looking down on him, Sten Forshufvud systematically correlated the symptoms of Napoleons last days with those of arsenic poisoning. Each miserable day of Napoleons last month had been described by Marchand, and each unfortunate symptom was noted and compared. Forshufvud was sufficiently knowledgeable about poisons to recognize that Napoleons agonies had more in common with chronic, slowly administered arsenic poisoning than with stomach cancer. Most of all, Forshufvud thought, the telling fact that Napoleons body, 19 years after its initial burial, was miraculously preserved convinced him that the preservative powers of arsenic had saved an unembalmed body from decay.The evidence for arsenic poisoning, he believed, could be found in Napoleons hair. He found samples. The prevailing custom in Napoleons time was for famous people to give locks of hair as keepsakes to favored friends. Also, upon Napoleons death, his hair was cut and his head shaved, and these samples of the great mans hair were dispersed to members of Napoleons household. With the hair properly dated and the provenance of each sample confirmed, Forshufvud would be able to find the evidence he needed. There were two issues: First, it was necessary to prove that arsenic levels in Napoleons hair were higher than normal. Since the working hypothesis was that arsenic had been administered to Napoleon in small amounts over a relatively long period of time -- to simulate a lingering illness -- the levels did not have to be extraordinarily high. Second, if the locks of hair could be specifically dated, then the arsenic levels could be correlated with Napoleons symptoms, recorded by Marchand on almost a daily basis. Fortunately, a new and precise technique for detecting arsenic in minute quantities had recently been developed by Hamilton Smith of the University of Glasgow. Forshufvud prevailed upon Smith to help him. The first samples did reveal higher than normal levels of arsenic. After some additional searching for hair samples, Forshufvud and Smith proceeded on the premise that, since hair grows at the rate of three inches per month, it might be possible to examine individual sections of a hair and correlate the arsenic levels with precise dates There was no doubt in Forshufvuds mind. Napoleon had been murdered by ingesting small amounts of arsenic over a period of several years. | NATURAL-The doctors determined COD as liver cancer.Napoleon's father died like that |
POISONOUS TAPESTRY-Will write more soon | SUICIDE-Will write more soon |
SUSPECTS/WITNESSES
If Napoleon was poisoned, who could have done it? What was the motive? One fact was clear: Whoever was the murderer had to have been onSt. Helena for the entire period of Napoleons captivity. This ruled out LasCases (to whom Napoleon dictated his memoirs), who left St. Helena in 1818. It ruled out his general assistant, the cranky Gourgard, who left later the same year. Since the doctors attending Napoleon came and went with regularity, the murderer was unlikely to have been one of them (although two of them may have been unwitting accomplices, as we shall see). That left, according to Weiders analysis, one of two possibilities: Either Hudson Lowe, representing the fear and loathing the English had for their captive, was instrumental in the plot, or someone within Napoleons household was responsible. | The loyal valet, Marchant, who tenderly cared for his master, was an unlikely candidate, with very little motive -- a modest inheritance from Napoleons estate upon the emperors death Motive:A modest inheritance from Napoleons estate (Little Motive) Indications:None |
Sir Hudson Lowe | The first possibility is unlikely. Lowe, bearing the burden of being Napoleons jailor, tried time and again to suppress any indication that the English were mistreating their famous captive. The last thing that the English or the European powers needed was for Napoleon to become a martyr. Also, there was the difficulty of access to Napoleon. After 1816, the imperially minded Napoleon and the taciturn Lowe never met. The English garrison charged with observing Napoleon rarely came in actual contact with him, merely noting his presence twice daily. It might have been possible for Lowe to work through his physicians, but all of them fell under the spell of the charming Napoleon and could not be trusted by Lowe. Motive:None Apparent Indications:Napoleon thought that he was send to kill him |
The Bertrands | the Grand Marshall and his wife, who lived about a mile from Longwood. Again, they could expect a small bequest, certainly not enough to kill for, although one could argue that their long service on god-forsaken St. Helena had worn down their loyalty Motive:Small bequest,Long Service on St.Helena could have worn down their loyalty Indications:None. |
Count deMontholon | There were several reasons for suspecting deMontholon. First, Countess deMontholon, who had left St. Helena in late 1819 with her newborn daughter (named Napoleana) might have been Napoleons mistress during her time on St. Helena. Some thought Napoleana could have been fathered by Napoleon. The countess -- and Mrs. Bertrand as well -- had read a book about a murder by chronic arsenic poisoning while on St. Helena. Could deMontholon have gotten the idea for his murder from his wife? Second, deMontholon had a very shady history. In addition to vacillating in his loyalty (from 1809 to 1815) between the Bourbon monarchy and Napoleon, he had strong ties to the most notable Napoleon-hater among the Bourbons, Louis XVIIIs younger brother, the Duke of Artois, later Charles X, King of France. DeMontholon had also been charged with the theft of funds meant for his own troops, but escaped punishment. How he charmed his way into Napoleons household, and continued to charm the exiled emperor, is a mystery. He seems to have been successful in manipulating Napoleon, eventually displacing Bertrand as Napoleons most trusted aide. DeMontholon was also the primary beneficiary of Napoleons considerable estate, and helped his master draft his will. Hence, he had motives aplenty: jealousy, the pursuit of political favor, and profit. Motives:Jealousy,Political Favor,Profit Indications:Above |
YOUR THEORIES
Member Name | (#COD,Murderer,Theory) |
phaedon | Arsenic Poisoning,Count deMontholon,Since deMontholon had roots to the greatest Napoleon-hater I think he hated him himself.Surely,Napoleon fathering Napoleana couldn't have really excited him and his wife.He didn't react at first.He was able to manipulate Napoleon from the first moment he met him.His wife's book gave him the idea to poison Napoleon with arsenic for a long time.He could have many chances to hide some bits of arsenic powder into Napoleon's food or wine.By succesfully killing him he could gain a huge profit from Napoleon's will and he could also gain Political Favor.The guy even named his daughter after Napoleon so that he could manipulate him ! |